I. Classification of general properties of crude oil (1) Physical properties of crude oil

1. The smell of oil

Most of the oil has a strong odor, which is caused by the different volatile components contained in the oil. Petroleum with a high aromatic content has an ether odor, and oil with a higher sulfide content gives off a strong pungent odor. The sulfur content of China's major oil fields is much lower than that of oil in the Middle East (above 2%). The oil content of Daqing Oilfield is less than 1%, and the sulfur content of Shengli Oilfield is mostly less than 1%.

2. The density of oil

The density of petroleum is related to temperature. When China specifies 20 °C, the density of petroleum and liquid petroleum products is the standard density. In the temperature range of 20 °C ± 5 °C, the change of oil density with temperature can be approximated as a linear relationship. In petroleum and petroleum products, the higher the gel content, the greater the relative density. The relative density of oil (API) is generally between 0.75 and 0.95, and very few oils are greater than 0.95 or less than 0.75.

3. Viscosity of petroleum

The viscosity of petroleum varies greatly. The viscosity of conventional petroleum is generally less than 100mPa·s. In addition, the oil with a viscosity of 100-10000mPa·s is called heavy oil, and the oil with viscosity of (10-50)×103mPa·s is called special. Heavy oil, and oil with a viscosity greater than 50,000 mPa·s is called super heavy oil. The viscosity of petroleum is closely related to its chemical composition. Generally, it contains many alkanes. The color is light and the density is small. The viscosity of petroleum is small, and vice versa.

(2) Chemical properties of crude oil

1. Sulfur-containing compounds. Sulfur is one of the most common elements in petroleum. The sulphur content of different oils varies widely, from a few tenths of a percent to a few percent. Generally, oil with a sulfur content greater than 2% is referred to as high sulfur petroleum, less than 0.5% is referred to as low sulfur petroleum, and between 0.5 and 2% is referred to as sulfur-containing petroleum. Most of China's oil is low-sulfur oil. The hazards of sulfur and its compounds on petroleum refining, oil quality and its application mainly include (1) corrosion of petroleum refining equipment, (2) pollution of catalysts, (3) affecting oil quality, and (4) serious pollution of the environment.

2. Oxygenates. There are very few oxygenates in petroleum, and in the range of about a few thousandths, most of the oxygen in petroleum is concentrated in colloids and asphaltenes. Oxygenates in petroleum can be classified into acidic oxygenates and neutral oxygenates. Acidic oxygenates are highly corrosive and can corrode equipment. Neutral oxygenates will also be further oxidized, resulting in gelatinization, which will affect the performance of the oil. According to current international standards, if the sulfur content of petroleum is less than 0.5%, then the oil is considered to be sweet, and if the sulfur content is greater than 0.5%, it is acid.

3. Nitrogen-containing compounds. There is very little nitrogen in oil, usually in the range of a few ten thousandths to a few thousandths. The nitrogen content in petroleum generally increases as the boiling point of the fraction increases. Therefore, most of the nitride is present in the residue in the form of colloid and asphaltene.

4, colloid and asphaltene. Among the non-hydrocarbon compounds of petroleum, colloid and asphaltenes are a large class of substances. They are quite abundant in petroleum, and each of China's major crude oils contains about 10% to 40% of colloids and asphaltenes. Colloid is a viscous liquid or semi-solid material with a yellow to dark brown color. The color of the oil is mainly due to the presence of colloid. Asphaltene is a black, amorphous, brittle solid with a relative density greater than one.

Second, the general nature of China's crude oil (1) China's oilfield distribution (Figure 1)

China's petroleum resources are concentrated in the Bohai Bay, Songliao, Tarim, Ordos 600295, the stock bar, Junggar, Zhujiangkou, Qaidam and the East China Sea shelf eight basins. In terms of oil production, Changqing, Daqing, Shengli, Tarim and Bohai oil fields ranked in the top five.

(II) Oil properties of various oilfields in China (Table 1)

We divide our crude oil into three categories: light oil, medium oil and heavy oil. The output of China's light oil is about 35.68 million tons, accounting for 20.4% of the total output. The output of medium oil is about 84.85 million tons, accounting for 48.5% of the total output. The output of heavy oil is about 54.46 million tons. 31.1% of production. From the overall analysis, China's crude oil also has less light oil yield, high wax content, low sulfur content, and high nickel content than vanadium.

1. Light oil: The density of light oil is below 0.8466g/cm3. Light oils include Tuha crude oil, Huizhou crude oil, extended crude oil and Changqing crude oil, which are characterized by low density, low acid value, residual carbon, sulfur content and low nickel content. The nitrogen content is below 0.14m%; the vanadium content is 3.70ppm except for Tuha crude oil, and the vanadium content of other crude oil is less than 1.07ppm. The residual carbon of these crude oils is <2.31 m%, the nickel content is <2.78 ppm, and the wax content is between 11.12 and 21.67 m%. The sulfur content of crude oil is slightly higher than 0.12m% of Changqing crude oil, and the sulfur content of other crude oils is below 0.07m%. In addition, these light oils have lower acid numbers and acid values ​​of less than 0.07 mg KOH/g.

2. Medium oil: The density and residual carbon of the medium oil are between 0.8530 and 0.8784 g/cm3 and between 3.10 and 5.10 m%, respectively. These crude oils include Qinghai crude oil, Jiangsu crude oil, Jilin crude oil, Daqing crude oil, Zhongyuan crude oil, Jianghan crude oil, Yumen crude oil, Tarim crude oil, Henan crude oil and North China crude oil. Jianghan, Zhongyuan, Tarim and other three crude oils have higher sulfur content, 0.77m%, 0.74m%, and 0.70m%, respectively. The sulfur content of other crude oils is below 0.36m%; the nitrogen content is 0.11m% except Daqing. Jilin Province is 0.15m% and Qinghai is 0.20m%. The nitrogen content of other crude oils is about 0.3m%. The medium crude oil has a wide range of nickel content. Jilin, Zhongyuan, Daqing and Tarim crude oils have low nickel content. Between 1.96 and 5.15 ppm, while other crude oils have a higher nickel content between 10.30 and 13.20 ppm; vanadium content is substantially less than or close to 1 ppm except for Tarim crude oil, which is 15.60 ppm higher. The yield of some crude oil <350 ° C fraction is between 30.0 m%, but the yield of <350 ° C fraction of Yumen crude oil, Qinghai crude oil, Zhongyuan crude oil and Jianghan crude oil is about 38 m%, and the yield of Tarim crude oil even reaches 48.11. m%. The acid value of Daqing crude oil and Jilin crude oil is very small, only about 0.05 mgKOH/g, while the acid value of other crude oils varies from 0.12 to 0.60 mgKOH/g. China's medium-quality oil has some obvious characteristics, that is, the wax content is generally higher. Except for the wax content of Tarim crude oil and Yumen crude oil, which are 2.69m% and 11.74m%, respectively, the wax content of other crude oils is above 15m%.

3. Heavy oil: The density of heavy oil is above 0.8863g/cm3. Jidong crude oil, Dagang crude oil, Shengli crude oil, Liaohe crude oil and Bohai crude oil all belong to this category. Their residual carbon is higher, above 5.10m%; their nitrogen content is also higher, generally greater than 0.35m%; sulfur content is higher than victory crude oil is 0.85m%, other sulfur content of crude oil is 0.14~ Between 0.34m%; nickel content is lower than that of Jidong crude oil, other crude oil is above 15ppm; the yield of <350°C is higher than that of Jidong crude oil, which is 36.98m%, and other crude oils are below 28m%. In addition, compared with light oils and medium oils, the acid value of heavy oils is relatively high, ranging from 0.84 to 3.61 mg KOH/g.

In summary, most of China's crude oil has the following characteristics:

1. Light oil, low yield, high yield of cracking raw materials and residual oil.

2. There are many alkanes in crude oil, among which the content of normal paraffins is high, so the wax content is high, while the aromatics are low and the H/C ratio is high, and the naphthenic content in gasoline is also high.

3. There is less asphaltene in the residue and the asphaltene is small.

4, low sulfur content, sweet, high nitrogen content.

5. The vanadium content is very low, the nickel content is general, but the nickel to vanadium ratio is high.

Third, the difference in oil sweetness

The classification criteria commonly used in the international crude oil market are based on API degrees and sulfur content. API degrees are a measure of density.

among them,

The ratio of the oil density at 60 °F (15.6 °C) to the density of pure water at 60 °F (15.6 °C) at 101.325 MPa.

The higher the API degree, the lighter the crude oil, the API of light oil is usually above 31 degrees, and the API of heavy oil is usually below 22 degrees.

Another common classification of crude oil is sulphur content (sour sweetness). Sulfur content refers to the percentage of sulfur contained in crude oil. Crude oil contains less sulfur, generally less than 1%, but has a great influence on the properties of crude oil and has a corrosive effect on pipelines. Low sulfur crude oil has a sulfur content of less than 0.5%, while high sulfur crude oil has a sulfur content of more than 2%.

The quality of crude oil is different, and the distance from the market is different. The price is different from that of premium and discount.

Fourth, the analysis of oil quality in various regions:

the Middle East:

Saudi Arabia's four main export oils, of which the sand is ultra-light, the resources are not much, and the cost performance is general, the current purchase is less, sand light, sand and sand weight is the main oil species currently purchased, Shaqing crude oil is high sulfur 2.00 / Medium quality 33.4 crude oil. The naphtha yield is 14% higher, which is a high-quality ethylene raw material; the diesel fraction has better performance; the vacuum residue has a low residual carbon and metal content, and can be used as a residue hydrogenation raw material. Suitable for processing refineries: (1) large demand for ethylene feedstock; (2) refinery for residuum.

The crude oil in the sand is a high sulfur medium crude oil. Naphtha is a high-quality ethylene raw material; the diesel fraction has good performance; the residual carbon and metal content of the vacuum residue is not high, and it is suitable for the residue hydrogenation raw material or coking raw material. Suitable for processing refineries: (1) need to provide ethylene refinery; (2) need to provide residue hydrotreating raw material refinery; (3) sulfur processing adaptability enterprises. Shazhong crude oil is a high sulfur medium crude oil. Naphtha is a high-quality ethylene raw material; the diesel fraction has good performance; the vacuum residue has high residual carbon and metal content, and is suitable for coking raw materials or as a raw material for asphalt. Suitable for processing refineries: (1) need to provide ethylene refinery; (2) need coking or asphalt raw refinery.

Basra crude oil is high sulfur 2.92 / medium quality 30.4 crude oil. Naphtha can be used as a raw material for ethylene or aromatics; diesel fraction has good performance; vacuum residue has moderate residual carbon and metal content, and can be used as coking raw material or as a raw material for residue hydrogenation. Suitable for processing refineries: (1) large refineries with strong sulfur content; (2) refineries requiring residual hydrotreating; (3) large demand for high-sulfur crude oil. However, in recent years, the nature of different batches of Basra crude oil, such as API changes, has to be paid more attention in procurement.

Oman crude oil is a sulfur-containing 1.4/medium 31.7 low-acid crude oil. The yield of naphtha is 20% higher, which is a high-quality ethylene raw material; the diesel fraction has good performance; the residual oil yield is 27%, and the residual carbon/metal content is low, which is a high-quality residue hydrogenation raw material.

Oman crude oil is suitable for processing refineries: (1) residry with refinery; (2) refinery with insufficient sulfur processing capacity; (3) integrated ethylene refinery; (4) atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit Decompression deep deep refinery. As Oman crude oil is the crude oil for the Middle East, the enlargement of purchase volume will lead to fluctuations in the benchmark crude oil price, which will ultimately affect the overall price level of crude oil purchased by the Middle East.

Mulban and Abu Zakum are China's main oil purchases in the UAE. Mulban is a light sulfur crude oil with high naphtha yield and low residue yield, but the price is high. Suitable for processing refineries: refineries with limited sulfur content processing and catalytic slag-filling capacity. Abuzhakum is a high-sulfur medium crude oil. Naphtha is suitable as a raw material for ethylene. The residual carbon and metal content of vacuum residue are not high, and it can be used as a raw material for residue hydrogenation. Suitable for processing refineries: (1) large demand for ethylene feedstock; (2) refinery for residuum.

Kuwait crude oil is China's main purchase of crude oil in Kuwait. Kuwaiti crude oil is a high-sulfur medium crude oil. Naphtha can be used as a raw material for ethylene and aromatics; diesel distillate has good performance; vacuum residue has high residual carbon and metal content, and is a high-quality asphalt raw material, and can also be used as a coking raw material. Suitable for processing refineries: (1) sulfur content adaptive refinery; (2) need coking or asphalt raw material refinery.

Africa region:

2. West Africa, especially Angola's low-sulfur medium such as Jeno and Hango crude oil, low sulfur content, moderate yield of naphtha and residual oil, vacuum residue can be used as catalytic slag raw material, which is processed by refineries in China. Popular oils. Suitable refineries include: (1) refineries that need to catalyze slag-containing materials; (2) refineries with poor sulfur processing adaptability; and (3) need to supplement some aromatics feedstocks.

Nigeria's low-sulfur light such as Akopo, Ai Ruo, Amenam, Kaipo and other crude oils, low sulfur content, high naphtha yield, low residue yield. However, due to the influence of domestic refinery processing preferences and high market discounts, the current domestic refinery processing volume is not large, and it is expected to be an important supplement to low-sulfur medium-sized crude oil in the future. It is suitable to configure refineries: (1) Catalytic slag is required Refining plant; (2) sulfur processing adaptability poor refinery; (3) supplement part of aromatics raw materials.

3. Mediterranean region:

Sudan's Dahe crude oil is low sulfur 0.21/heavy 22.4/high acid 3.12 crude oil. The naphtha yield is not high 7.51%; the diesel fraction has good performance; the residue yield is 45% higher, and the residual carbon/metal content is low, which is a high-quality catalytic raw material. Suitable for refinery: (1) high acid oil processing refinery; (2) refinery with large amount of catalyzed slag; (3) refinery with poor diesel performance index. Libyan's Salil is China's traditional paraffin-based crude oil for the production of lubricating base oil. Others such as Amna, Essie and other crude oil diesel components are of good quality, and the residue is also a good quality catalytic slag.

Americas region:

Argentina's Escorante crude oil is a low-sulfur medium-quality crude oil. The sideline properties are good. Then, due to the crude oil trade pattern and high freight rates, China's current import volume is not large. Brazil is China's important source of crude oil in South America. The country's crude oil is mainly divided into high acid heavy and low sulfur medium. The former is represented by Marin and the processing route is mainly coking. The latter is Lula. Mainly, the processing route is mainly based on catalytic slag or residue hydrogenation. Venezuela's export crude oil is mainly heavy-duty oil, which is affected by the high metal content of the residue. The processing route is mainly coking.

4. Far East Region:

In the Far East, crude oils such as Malaysia, Vietnam and Brunei are low-sulfur light crude oils. The yield of naphtha is high and the yield of residual oil is low. The residue processing is mainly based on catalytic slag, but it is affected by the high pressure of crude oil. At present, China's imports in the region are not large, mainly as opportunities and alternative oil purchases.

5, North America

The following picture shows the classification of crude oil varieties in the United States:

Source: EIA data

Since 2010, the US demand for imported crude oil has decreased with the decrease in light crude oil imports.

V. Research on the situation of Shengli Oilfield

1, the basic situation

Shengli Oilfield is one of the delivery brands for the bonded delivery of crude oil futures in Shanghai International Energy Trading Center. It is very necessary to study the basic situation of Shengli Oilfield.

Sinopec 600028, the stock company Shengli Oilfield, is the collective name of Sinopec Group Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, PetroChina 601857, Shengli Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Shengli Oilfield Branch. The main part of the oilfield is located in Dongying City, Shandong Province in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The working area is distributed in 28 counties (districts) of 8 cities including Dongying, Binzhou and Dezhou in Shandong Province, and Junggar, Tuha, Tacheng, Qinghai Chaidamu, Xinjiang. Basins such as Dunhuang in Gansu. Shengli Oilfield is a state-owned and large-scale enterprise with abundant resources, capital intensive, technology-intensive and talent-intensive, and is the second largest oil production base in China.

2. Analysis of crude oil quality in Shengli Oilfield

Shengli crude oil has a relatively high density, contains more sulfur, and contains more colloid and asphaltenes. It is a sulfur-containing intermediate-based crude oil with a sulfur content of about 1%. At 20 ° C, the density is 0.9005 g / m3, which is a heavy conventional crude oil. Straight-run gasoline has an octane number of about 47, and the fraction of the first fraction of ~130 ° C has a high aromatic potential, which is a good raw material for reforming. More fuel-based processing solutions are used.

Since the Shengli crude oil is a sulfur-containing intermediate-base crude oil, the octane number of the gasoline fraction is higher, and the octane number of the gasoline fraction is higher, and the aromatic hydrocarbon latent content in the catalytic reforming raw material is also higher than that of the Daqing catalytic reforming raw material. The jet fuel fraction has a high density and a low crystallization point. The vacuum distillate oil can be used as a cracking raw material, and the metal nickel content is 10 times higher than that of the Celery oil. Therefore, the extraction depth of the vacuum distillation fraction is limited. After dewaxing, the lubricating oil fraction has a lower viscosity index than the corresponding Daqing lubricating oil fraction. Containing more sulfur, causing serious corrosion to equipment, it is necessary to take appropriate anti-corrosion measures. Straight-run products and secondary processed products require refining. Due to the high content of colloid and asphaltenes, the deep-drawn residual oil can obtain better quality asphalt. At present, domestically produced crude oil is a low-sulfur crude oil except for Shengli Oilfield and Nanjiang Oilfield, which are sulfur-containing crude oil.

Shengli Oilfield has complex structure and many faults. Different geological structures and different layers of crude oil have very different properties. We take Shengli mixed crude oil as an example for analysis.

Victory mixed crude oil:

Main features: high gel content (about 23%), high density (about 0.900g/cm3), in addition, high wax content, sulfur (mostly around 1%) crude oil, so it belongs to A typical sulfur-containing intermediate crude oil. The light fraction in Shengli crude oil is less than Daqing crude oil. The yield before 200 ° C is about 7% (w), about 24 to 25% before 350 ° C, and the total extraction rate before 500 ° C is about 50% (w) of crude oil.

1) Straight-run gasoline (about 7% (wt) or so)

The ON is about 47, and the aromatics latent content (cycloalkane and aromatic hydrocarbon) in the first fraction to the 130 °C fraction is high, and is a good raw material for reforming, and can produce high ON gasoline and aromatic hydrocarbons.

2) Coal-diesel fraction (about 18% for coal and diesel fractions)

(1) Aviation coal fraction: high density, low crystallization point, can produce No. 1 aviation coal, but must be desulfurized, and because of high aromatic content, poor combustion performance, as a kerosene for lamps, it is necessary to refine some aromatic hydrocarbons to meet The requirements of the height of the smokeless flame should pay attention to the requirements of the aryl content and the carbon deposition performance.

(2) Straight-run diesel: The freezing point is not high, and it can produce -20#, -10#, 0# diesel. Because it contains S, N and high acidity, it must be refined.

3) VGO (about 25%)

The dewaxing oil has a low viscosity index and a high S and acid value. It is not suitable for the production of lubricating oil. It can be used as a raw material for hydrocracking. Because of the high S content, the gasoline and diesel S content produced by catalytic cracking is difficult to pass. Desulfurization is required.

4) VR (about 50%)

(i) The viscosity temperature is not good, and S is also not suitable for the production of high viscosity lubricants;

(ii) the gum (47.9%) and asphaltene (13.7% pentane asphaltene) are high in content and can produce asphalt products;

(iii) Since the residual carbon value (13.9%) and the heavy metal content (Ni: 46 ppm, V: 2.2 ppm) are both high, only a small amount can be incorporated into VGO as a catalytic cracking raw material (the amount of slag is <15%), the most It is good to carry out catalytic cracking (VRDS-FCC) or hydrocracking after hydrotreating;

(iv) Due to the high investment in hydrotreating, it is generally used as a raw material for delayed coking, but due to the inclusion of S, the quality level of petroleum coke is not high.

According to the above evaluation results, the processing scheme of Shengli mixed crude oil generally adopts a fuel type processing scheme or a fuel-chemical type processing scheme is ideal. S-containing problems such as corrosion, environmental protection, product quality, and catalyst poisoning should be fully considered when processing Shengli crude oil.

3. Comparative analysis of crude oil quality in three major oilfields in China

1 The first Daqing Oilfield was subordinated to PetroChina . In 2009 , crude oil production was the first, and the total oil and gas equivalent was the first.

Daqing Oilfield is currently the largest oilfield in China and one of the few extra-large sandstone oilfields in the world. It consists of 52 oil and gas fields, such as Sarto, Xingshugang and Lamadian, with an oil-bearing area of ​​over 6,000 square kilometers. The exploration scope covers 16 basins including Heilongjiang Province, Inner Mongolia Hailar, Jilin Yanji, Hunchun and Xinjiang Tarim East. The registered exploration rights area is 191,500 square kilometers. In 2016, Daqing Oilfield produced 36.56 million tons of crude oil and 3.77 billion cubic meters of natural gas.

Daqing crude oil is a paraffin-based oil with low sulfur, low rubber, high wax and high freezing point. Since there are many alkane-containing hydrocarbons, the relative content of the alkane is high in each of the fractions, and the gasoline is poor in explosion resistance, and the fraction is less than 180 ° C, and the motor octane number is only about 40. Jet fuel has a relatively low relative density and a high crystallization point, so it can only meet the No. 2 jet fuel specification. Light fuel oil does not require refining due to its low sulfur content. At the same time, equipment corrosion is not a problem during processing. The composition of Daqing Petroleum's fraction is heavier, so it is necessary to take secondary deep processing to increase the yield of light fuel. The lubricating oil fraction has good viscosity-temperature characteristics, but has a high freezing point and needs to be dewaxed during processing.

2 The second Changqing Oilfield is affiliated to PetroChina . In 2009 , crude oil production was the third, natural gas production was the first, and total oil and gas equivalent was second.

The main operation area of ​​Changqing Oilfield is located in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Basin. It was discovered in 1971 and was put into operation in 1975. The output was on the scale of 1.4 million tons for 10 years. Until the mid-1980s to the late 1990s, with the successive breakthroughs of a series of key technologies, the development of Changqing Oilfield ushered in a broader space, with an average annual growth rate of 14.84% from 2001 to 2013. In terms of natural gas production, the average annual growth rate reached 29.3% from 2000 to 2013, and the output in 2009 reached 18.95 billion m3, ranking first in the country. According to the plan of PetroChina, by 2015, Changqing Oilfield will achieve an annual oil and gas equivalent of 50 million tons, which will become China's “Western Daqing”.

Changqing crude oil is a paraffin-based light crude oil. The crude oil has good properties, low density, low viscosity, and low content of colloid and asphaltene.

3 The third Shengli Oilfield is affiliated to Sinopec . In 2009 , the crude oil output was the second, and the total oil and gas equivalent was the third.

The Shengli Oilfield discovered and put into operation in 1961 is located in the Yellow River Delta on the coast of the Bohai Sea in northern Shandong. In 1991, Shengli Oilfield's crude oil production reached its peak, with an annual output of 3,351.9 million tons. After that, production began to decrease. After eight consecutive years of decline, crude oil production remained stable in 1999, and production began to increase slowly in 2004. It is 2,783.5 million tons, ranking second in the country. In terms of natural gas production, the peak production of Shengli Oilfield occurred in 1989 and then began to decline. Shengli Oilfield's total production in 2015 was 27.1 million tons. In 2016, it produced 23.9 million tons of crude oil and produced 404 million cubic meters of natural gas.

Shengli crude oil has a relatively high density, contains more sulfur, and contains more colloid and asphaltenes. It is a sulfur-containing intermediate-based crude oil. Because it is a sulfur-containing intermediate crude oil, the octane number of the gasoline fraction is higher, and the octane number of the gasoline fraction is higher, and the aromatic hydrocarbon latent content in the catalytic reforming raw material is also higher than that of the Daqing catalytic reforming raw material. The jet fuel fraction has a high density and a low crystallization point. The vacuum distillate oil can be used as a cracking raw material, and the metal nickel content is 10 times higher than that of the Celery oil. Therefore, the extraction depth of the vacuum distillation fraction is limited. After dewaxing, the lubricating oil fraction has a lower viscosity index than the corresponding Daqing lubricating oil fraction. Containing more sulfur, causing serious corrosion to equipment, it is necessary to take appropriate anti-corrosion measures. Straight-run products and secondary processed products require refining. Due to the high content of colloid and asphaltenes, the deep-drawn residual oil can obtain better quality asphalt.

Writer: Chen Peng, Qiu Ting, Fu Yujie, Zhu Haijie, Zhang Peng, Yang Hongwen

(Editor: Wu Xiaolin HF106)

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